Diuretic Resistance in Advanced Heart Failure

Abstract

Advanced heart failure (HF) is used to characterized patients in HF with severe symptoms, recurrent decompensation and severe cardiac dysfunction. The prevalencekof HFkis approximatelyg1-2% of thecadult population inhdeveloped countries and it will be rising more than 10%pamongapeoplec>70ayears of age, whereas estimated theoprevalence ofcpatients with advanced HF is about 1% until 10%cof thekoverallkHFopopulation. Most ofkthe HF hospitalizationssare due to signs and symptoms of fluidcoverload.Recurrent congestionccould worsen patientssoutcomes.Loopdiureticssare recommended for thectreatmentcofkcongestionqinprHF patient. cHowever,cdiureticvresistanceeispavcommon problem issueiinpacuteqdecompensationtofcadvancedochronicrheartwfailureq(ACHF) patients and established prognostic factor. Some early reports estimated the prevalence of diuretic resistance about 20%-30% in HF population. In this review, we will be discuss how to diagnose the advancedvheartufailurepand the underlying mechanism of diuretic resistancebin HF patients. We also describe pharmacologicalvand non-pharmacologicalstrategies to overcome this issue.